International Reformed Baptist Seminary

Greek Reading Notes: Titus

Submitted to Dr. Hensen

in partial fulfillment of LS-G 505: Greek III

By

John Carter

August 29, 2024

Greek Reading Notes

Titus 1:1-4

₁Παῦλος δοῦλος θεοῦ, ἀπόστολος δὲ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ κατὰ πίστιν ἐκλεκτῶν θεοῦ καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν ₂ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου, ἣν ἐπηγγείλατο ὁ ἀψευδὴς θεὸς πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων, ₃ἐφανέρωσεν δὲ καιροῖς ἰδίοις τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ ἐν κηρύγματι, ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ κατ’ ἐπιταγὴν τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν θεοῦ, ₄Τίτῳ γνησίῳ τέκνῳ κατὰ κοινὴν πίστιν, χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν.

Translation

Paul, slave of God, and apostle of Jesus Christ according to the faith of God’s elect and knowledge of the truth that which is according to godliness, on the hope of eternal life, which the-one-who never-lies, that is, God, promised before the time of ages. And revealed in his own time his word through preaching, which I have been entrusted with according to the command of the Savior, our God.

To Titus, my genuine child according to a common faith, grace, and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior.

Main Idea (one-sentence)

Paul opens his letter with a greeting and blessing that is firmly fixed upon the gospel.

Notes

₁Παῦλος δοῦλος θεοῦ – Nominative absolute followed by a noun of apposition. Genitive of possession. Generic beginning to NT letters.

κατὰ πίστιν ἐκλεκτῶν θεοῦ – Adverbial accusative “respect”; Subjective genitive.[1]

καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας – Adverbial accusative “respect.”

τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν – Genitive Description. “The combination of faith and full knowledge of truth is to bring godliness on the basis of the hope of life eternal.”[2]

₂ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου – Locative dative Sphere

₃ἐφανέρωσεν δὲ καιροῖς ἰδίοις ἐν κηρύγματι  – Aorist-Active-Indicative-3^rd-Singular- φανερόω. Locative Dative time.[3] Instrumental Dative Means.

ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ – Aorist-Passive-Indicative-1^st-Singula- πιστεύω.  supply the word “with.” Emphatic use of ἐγὼ.

κατ’ ἐπιταγὴν τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν θεοῦ – Adverbial Accusative Manner. Genitive Adjective Source. Genitive Apposition à declaration of the deity of Christ

₄Τίτῳ γνησίῳ τέκνῳ κατὰ κοινὴν πίστιν, – Pure Dative Indirect object (perhaps having a category called “address”). Dative Apposition. Accusative Adverbial Respect. Nominative absolute.[4]

χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν. – Standard Blessing, nominative absolute. Genitive Adjectival Source. Genitive Adjectival Relationship.

Titus 1:5-9

₅Τούτου χάριν ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ, ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ καὶ καταστήσῃς κατὰ πόλιν πρεσβυτέρους, ὡς ἐγώ σοι διεταξάμην, ₆εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος, μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ, τέκνα ἔχων πιστά, μὴ ἐν κατηγορίᾳ ἀσωτίας ἢ ἀνυπότακτα. ₇δεῖ γὰρ τὸν ἐπίσκοπον ἀνέγκλητον εἶναι ὡς θεοῦ οἰκονόμον, μὴ αὐθάδη, μὴ ὀργίλον, μὴ πάροινον, μὴ πλήκτην, μὴ αἰσχροκερδῆ, ₈ἀλλὰ φιλόξενον φιλάγαθον σώφρονα δίκαιον ὅσιον ἐγκρατῆ, ₉ἀντεχόμενον τοῦ κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν πιστοῦ λόγου, ἵνα δυνατὸς ᾖ καὶ παρακαλεῖν ἐν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ καὶ τοὺς ἀντιλέγοντας ἐλέγχειν.

Translation

5 Because of this I left you in Crete, you might put what is remaining into order and appoint elders according to each town as I commanded you. 6 If anyone is blameless, a one woman man, his children having faith, not under the accusation of debauchery or insubordination. 7 For an overseer must be blameless, being a steward of God, not arrogant not quick-tempered not drunkard not violent not greedy, 8 instead hospitable, lover of good, self-controlled, just, holy, disciplined, and clinging the faithful word according to the teaching so that he might be able to both encourage in sound doctrine and to rebuke those opposing it.

Main Idea (one-sentence)

Men are to be appointed as Elders (Overseers) only if they reflect the highest standards of Christlike character.

Notes

₅Τούτου χάριν ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ, – Aorist active indicative 1^st Singular (ἀπολείπω). “’Left’ implies that Titus was deliberately left behind in Crete to carry out a specific assignment.”[5]

ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ – Present Active Participle Accusative Plural Nominative (λείπω) Aorist Middle Subjunctive 2^nd Singular (ἐπιδιορθόω)

καὶ καταστήσῃς κατὰ πόλιν πρεσβυτέρους, – Aorist Active Subjunctive 2^nd Singular (καθίστημι)

ὡς ἐγώ σοι διεταξάμην, – Aorist Middle Indicative 1^st Singular (διατάσσω). Emphatic use of ἐγώ

₆εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος, – Present Active Indicative 3^rd Singular (εἰμί)

μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ, – shows up in 1 Timothy 3:2, 12; and inverted for widows in 5:9

τέκνα ἔχων πιστά, Present Active Participle Nominative Singular Masculine (ἔχω). differing arguments to translate as “faith/believer” or “faithful.”

μὴ ἐν κατηγορίᾳ ἀσωτίας ἢ ἀνυπότακτα. 

₇δεῖ γὰρ τὸν ἐπίσκοπον ἀνέγκλητον – Present Active Indicative 3^rd Singular (δέω) second use in the list. Same qualification for Deacons in 1 Timothy 3:10

εἶναι ὡς θεοῦ οἰκονόμον, – Present Active Infinitive (εἰμί)

μὴ αὐθάδη, μὴ ὀργίλον, μὴ πάροινον, μὴ πλήκτην, μὴ αἰσχροκερδῆ, – continuing list of negatives/prohibitions

₈ἀλλὰ φιλόξενον φιλάγαθον σώφρονα δίκαιον ὅσιον ἐγκρατῆ, – list of affirmative. Two command word using the prefix φιλ-.

₉ἀντεχόμενον τοῦ κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν πιστοῦ λόγου, Present Middle Participle Accusative Singular Masculine (ἀντέχομαι).

ἵνα δυνατὸς ᾖ καὶ παρακαλεῖν ἐν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ – Present Active Subjunctive 3^rd Singular (εἰμί). Present Active Infinitive (παρακαλέω). Present Active Participle Dative Singular Feminine (ὑγιαίνω). 

καὶ τοὺς ἀντιλέγοντας ἐλέγχειν. – Present Active Participle Accusative Plural Masculine (ἀντιλέγω). Present Active Infinitive (ἐλέγχω).

Titus 1:10-16

₁₀Εἰσὶν γὰρ πολλοὶ [καὶ] ἀνυπότακτοι, ματαιολόγοι καὶ φρεναπάται, μάλιστα οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς, ₁₁οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν, οἵτινες ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν. ₁₂εἶπέν τις ἐξ αὐτῶν ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης·

Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται, κακὰ θηρία, γαστέρες ἀργαί.

₁₃ἡ μαρτυρία αὕτη ἐστὶν ἀληθής. δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως, ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει, ₁₄μὴ προσέχοντες Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις καὶ ἐντολαῖς ἀνθρώπων ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν. ₁₅πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς· τοῖς δὲ μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις οὐδὲν καθαρόν, ἀλλὰ μεμίανται αὐτῶν καὶ ὁ νοῦς καὶ ἡ συνείδησις. ₁₆θεὸν ὁμολογοῦσιν εἰδέναι, τοῖς δὲ ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται, βδελυκτοὶ ὄντες καὶ ἀπειθεῖς καὶ πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἀδόκιμοι.

Translation

10: For there are many disobedient, empty-talkers and deceivers, most-of-all those of the circumcision. 11: They must be silenced, they are upsetting whole families, by teaching what must not [be taught] for shameful gain. 12: One of their own prophets said, “Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, lazy gluttons.” 13: This testimony is true, for that reason, rebuke them severely, so that they might be sound in the faith, 14: Not devoting themselves to Jewish myths and the commands of people turning away from the truth. 15: All things are clean to the clean, but those being defiled and unbelieving, nothing is clean, instead their mind and conscience have been defiled. 16: They profess to know God, but by works they deny [Him], being detestable, disobedient, and unqualified for any good work.

Main Idea (one-sentence)

Those unqualified for any good work must not be permitted to disrupt the church.

Notes

₁₀Εἰσὶν γὰρ πολλοὶ [καὶ] ἀνυπότακτοι – Present Active Indicative 3^rd Plural (εἰμί)

ματαιολόγοι καὶ φρεναπάται

μάλιστα οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς, 

₁₁οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν, – Present Active Indicative 3^rd Singular (δέω). Present Active Infinitive (ἐπιστομίζω). odd usage, present indicative + infinitive to communicate a command.

οἵτινες ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν – Present Active Indicative 3^rd Plural (ἀνατρέπω). 

διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν. Present Active Participle Nominative Plural Masculine (διδάσκω). Verbal participle adverbial by means of. Present Active Indicative 3^rd Singular (δέω).

₁₂εἶπέν τις ἐξ αὐτῶν ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης·- Aorist Active Indicative 3^rd Singular (λέγω).

Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται, κακὰ θηρία, γαστέρες ἀργαί. – verbless clause/sentence. “The Cretans are given a bad reputation for itenerating prophets for profit by Polybius, Livy, Plutarch.”[6]

₁₃ἡ μαρτυρία αὕτη ἐστὶν ἀληθής. δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως, – Present Active Indicative 3^rd Singualr (εἰμί). Present Active Imperative 2^nd Singular (ἐλέγχω).

ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει, – Present Active Subjunctive 3^rd Plural (ὑγιαίνω).

₁₄μὴ προσέχοντες Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις καὶ ἐντολαῖς ἀνθρώπων ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν. – Present Active Participle Nominative Plural Masculine (προσέχω).Present Passive Participle Genitive Plural Masculine (ἀποστρέφω).

₁₅πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς·

τοῖς δὲ μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις οὐδὲν καθαρόν, – Perfect Passice Participle Dative Plural Masculine (μιαίνω).

ἀλλὰ μεμίανται αὐτῶν καὶ ὁ νοῦς καὶ ἡ συνείδησις. – Perfect Passive Indicative 3^rd Singular (μιαίνω). Passive construction without agency expressed by “the suppressing of the agent for rhetorical effect.”[7]

₁₆θεὸν ὁμολογοῦσιν εἰδέναι, – Perfect Active Indicative 3^rd Plural (ὁμολογέω). Perfect Active Infinative (οἶδα).

τοῖς δὲ ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται, – Present Middle Indicative 3^rd Plural (ἀρνέομαι).

βδελυκτοὶ ὄντες καὶ ἀπειθεῖς καὶ πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἀδόκιμοι. – Present Active Participle Nominative Plural Masculine (εἰμί).

Titus 2:1-6

₁Σὺ δὲ λάλει ἃ πρέπει τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ. ₂Πρεσβύτας νηφαλίους εἶναι, σεμνούς, σώφρονας, ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει, τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ· ₃πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως ἐν καταστήματι ἱεροπρεπεῖς, μὴ διαβόλους μὴ οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας, καλοδιδασκάλους, ₄ἵνα σωφρονίζωσιν τὰς νέας φιλάνδρους εἶναι, φιλοτέκνους ₅σώφρονας ἁγνὰς οἰκουργοὺς ἀγαθάς, ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν, ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ βλασφημῆται. ₆Τοὺς νεωτέρους ὡσαύτως παρακάλει σωφρονεῖν 

Translation

1. Now you teach what is fitting to sound doctrine. 2 Older-men are to be sober-minded dignified, self-controlled, sound in faith in love and in patience. 3 Older-women, likewise (sound) in behavior, reverent, not slanders or slaves to much wine, teaching-good, 4 so that they might train the young-women to be husband-lovers and children-lovers, 5 self-controlled, pure, home-making, good, being-submissive to their own husbands, so that the word of God might not be blasphemed. Likewise, encourage the younger-men to be self-controlled.

Main Idea (one-sentence)

The first part of a list encourages various groups of people to be godly for their benefit and the honor of God’s word.

Notes

₁Σὺ δὲ λάλει ἃ πρέπει τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ. – Present Active Imperative 2^nd Singular (λαλέω). Present Active Imperative 3^rd Singular (πρέπω). Present Active Participle Dative Feminine (διδασκαλία). Onging theme of ὑγιαίνω “sound” doctrine, here and throughout all three pastoral epistles.

₂Πρεσβύτας νηφαλίους εἶναι, σεμνούς, σώφρονας, ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει, τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ· – Present Active Infinitive (εἰμί)

₃πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως ἐν καταστήματι ἱεροπρεπεῖς, – dative καταστήματι seems to tie more closely with the last three which are character traits for older-men.

μὴ διαβόλους μὴ οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας, καλοδιδασκάλους, – these negations closely parallel qualifications for deacon’s wives.

₄ἵνα σωφρονίζωσιν τὰς νέας φιλάνδρους εἶναι, φιλοτέκνους – Present Active Subjunctive 3^rd Plural (σωφρονίζω). Another occurrence of compound words using the prefix φιλ-.

₅σώφρονας ἁγνὰς οἰκουργοὺς ἀγαθάς, ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν, ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ βλασφημῆται. – Present Passive Middle Participle Accusative Feminine (ὑποτάσσω). Present Passive Subjunctive 3^rd Singular (βλασφημέω). σώφρων and comin

g from the same root word

6Τοὺς νεωτέρους ὡσαύτως παρακάλει σωφρονεῖν – Present Active Imperative 2^nd Singular (παρακαλέω). Present Active Infinitive (σωφρονέω). Some fomr of σωφρονέω shows up in each of the grouping (older, younger, men and women.

Titus 2:7-10

₇περὶ πάντα, σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος τύπον καλῶν ἔργων, ἐν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ ἀφθορίαν, σεμνότητα, ₈λόγον ὑγιῆ ἀκατάγνωστον, ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ μηδὲν ἔχων λέγειν περὶ ἡμῶν φαῦλον. ₉Δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι ἐν πᾶσιν, εὐαρέστους εἶναι, μὴ ἀντιλέγοντας, ₁₀μὴ νοσφιζομένους, ἀλλὰ πᾶσαν πίστιν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν, ἵνα τὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν θεοῦ κοσμῶσιν ἐν πᾶσιν.

Translation

7 Concerning all things showing yourself a model of good works, in teaching (showing) integrity and dignity, 8 sound speech, above reproach, so that the opponent might be shamed, having nothing bad to say about us. 9 Slaves are to be submissive to their own masters in everything, well-pleasing, not being argumentative, 10 not embezzling, but in all things faithful, so that the teaching of the Savior, our God, might adorn through everything.

Main Idea (one-sentence)

One’s life must correspond to the transformative teachings of the gospel for.

Notes

₇περὶ πάντα, σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος τύπον καλῶν ἔργων, – Present Middle Participle Nominative Singular Masculin (παρέχω). 

ἐν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ ἀφθορίαν, σεμνότητα, – verbless claus

₈λόγον ὑγιῆ ἀκατάγνωστον, – verbless clause

ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ – Aorist Passive Subjunctive 3^rd Singular (ἐντρέπω).

μηδὲν ἔχων λέγειν περὶ ἡμῶν φαῦλον. Present Active Participle Nominative Masculine (ἔχω). Present Active Infinitive (λέγω).

₉Δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι ἐν πᾶσιν, – Present Passive Infinitive (ὑποτάσσω).

εὐαρέστους εἶναι, μὴ ἀντιλέγοντας, – Present Active Infinitive (εἰμί). Present Acttive Participle Accusative Plural Masculine (ἀντιλέγω), perhaps ‘back-talking.’

₁₀μὴ νοσφιζομένους, ἀλλὰ πᾶσαν πίστιν – Present Middle Participle Accusative Plural Masculine (νοσφίζομαι). For use of πίστιν see Titus 1:6.

ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν, – Present Middle Participle Accusative Passive Middle (ἐνδείκνυμι).

ἵνα τὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν θεοῦ κοσμῶσιν ἐν πᾶσιν. – Present Active Subjunctive 3^rd Plural (κοσμέω).

Titus 2:11-15

₁₁Ἐπεφάνη γὰρ ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ σωτήριος πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ₁₂παιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς, ἵνα ἀρνησάμενοι τὴν ἀσέβειαν καὶ τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας σωφρόνως καὶ δικαίως καὶ εὐσεβῶς ζήσωμεν ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι, ₁₃προσδεχόμενοι τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου θεοῦ καὶ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ₁₄ὃς ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, ἵνα λυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας καὶ καθαρίσῃ ἑαυτῷ λαὸν περιούσιον, ζηλωτὴν καλῶν ἔργων. ₁₅Ταῦτα λάλει καὶ παρακάλει καὶ ἔλεγχε μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς· μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω.

Translation

11 For the grace of God appeared—salvation for all people— 12 training us, so that renouncing ungodliness and worldly passion, self-control so that we might live self-control and upright and godly in the present age, 13 waiting for our blessed hope, and the appearing of the glory of the great God and our savior Jesus Christ, 14 who gave himself for us, so that he might redeem us from all lawlessness, and to cleanse for himself a people for his own possession. 15 Declare these things, encourage and rebuke with all command, let no one disregard you.

Main Idea (one-sentence)

God’s grace saves and purifies his people.

Notes

₁₁Ἐπεφάνη γὰρ ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ – Aorist Passive Indicative 3^rd Singular (ἐπιφαίνω).

σωτήριος πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις – verbless clause

₁₂παιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς, – Present Active Participle Nominative Singular Feminine (παιδεύω). The referent is “grace’ from verse 11.

ἵνα ἀρνησάμενοι τὴν ἀσέβειαν καὶ τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας – Aorist Middle Participle Nominative Plural Masculine (ἀρνέομαι).

σωφρόνως καὶ δικαίως καὶ εὐσεβῶς ζήσωμεν ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι, – Aorist Active Subjunctive 1^st Plural (ζάω). For σωφρόνως see 2:2-6.

₁₃προσδεχόμενοι τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα – Present Middle Participle Nominative Plural Masculine (προσδέχομαι).

καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου θεοῦ καὶ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, 

₁₄ὃς ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, Aorist Acitve Indicative 3^rd Singular (δίδωμι). ‘Who’ is in reference to Jesus Christ.

ἵνα λυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας – Aorist Middle Subjunctive 3^rd Singular (λυτρόομαι).

καὶ καθαρίσῃ ἑαυτῷ λαὸν περιούσιον, – Aorist Active Subjunctive 3^rd Singular (καθαρίζω).

ζηλωτὴν καλῶν ἔργων. – Verbless clause. Beginning theme of “good” works.

₁₅Ταῦτα λάλει – Present Active Imperative 2^nd Singular (λαλέω). No room for cowardice in pastoral ministry.

καὶ παρακάλει καὶ ἔλεγχε μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς· – Present Active Imperative 2^nd Singular (παρακαλέω). Παρακαλέω. Present Active Imperative 2nd Singular (ἐλέγχω). Speak in such a was as to show the command of the teaching requiring attention and obedience.

μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω. – Present Active Imperative 3^rd Singular (περιφρονέω).

Titus 3:1-7

₁Ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς ἀρχαῖς ἐξουσίαις ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν, πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι, ₂μηδένα βλασφημεῖν, ἀμάχους εἶναι, ἐπιεικεῖς, πᾶσαν ἐνδεικνυμένους πραΰτητα πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους. ₃Ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀνόητοι, ἀπειθεῖς, πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις, ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες, στυγητοί, μισοῦντες ἀλλήλους.

₄ὅτε δὲ ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη

τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν θεοῦ,

₅οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων τῶν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ

ἃ ἐποιήσαμεν ἡμεῖς

ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος

ἔσωσεν ἡμᾶς διὰ λουτροῦ παλιγγενεσίας

καὶ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου,

₆οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως

διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν,

₇ἵνα δικαιωθέντες τῇ ἐκείνου χάριτι

κληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου.

Translation

1 Remind them to be submit to rulers and authorities, to obey, and to be ready for every good work, 2 no slandering, to be peaceable, gentle and showing all courtesy towards all people. 3 For we were once even ourselves foolish, disobedient, being led astray, enslaved to passions and various pleasures, living-our-lives in malice and envy, hated and detesting one another. 4 But when the kindness and loving-kindness of the savior our God appeared, 5 not from works in righteousness which we did, But according to his own mercy he saved us through the washing of regeneration and renewal of the Holy Spirit, 6 whom he poured out on us richly though Jesus Christ our Savior, so that begin justified by his grace heirs we might become heirs according to the hope of eternal life.

Main Idea (one-sentence)

An enteral perspective frees man from the fleeting vain-joys of sin.

Notes

₁Ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς ἀρχαῖς ἐξουσίαις ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν, πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι, – Present Active Imperative 2^nd Singular (ὑπομιμνῄσκω). Present Passive Infinitve (ὑποτάσσω). Present Active Infinitive (πειθαρχέω). Present Active Infinitive (εἰμί). “Remarkable double asyndeton.”[8]

₂μηδένα βλασφημεῖν, ἀμάχους εἶναι, ἐπιεικεῖς, πᾶσαν ἐνδεικνυμένους πραΰτητα πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους. – Present Active Infinitive (βλασφημέω). Present Middle Participle Accusative Plural Masculine (ἐνδείκνυμι).

 ₃Ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀνόητοι, ἀπειθεῖς, πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις, – Imperfect Active Indicative 1^st Plural (εἰμί), Present Passive Participle Nominative Plural Masculine (πλανάω). Present Active Participle Nominative Plural Masculine (δουλεύω).

ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες, – Present Active Participle Nominative Plural Masculine (διάγω).

στυγητοί, μισοῦντες ἀλλήλους. – Present Active Participle Nomintive Plural Masculine (μισέω).

₄ὅτε δὲ ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη – Aorist Passive Indicative 3^rd Singular (ἐπιφαίνω).

τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν θεοῦ, –

₅οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων τῶν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ –

ἃ ἐποιήσαμεν ἡμεῖς – Aorist Active Indicative 1^st Plural (ποιέω).

ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος –

ἔσωσεν ἡμᾶς διὰ λουτροῦ παλιγγενεσίας – Aorist Active Indicative 3^rd Singular (σῴζω).

καὶ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου, –

₆οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως – Aorist Acitve Indicative 3^rd Singular (ἐκχέω).

διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, –

₇ἵνα δικαιωθέντες τῇ ἐκείνου χάριτι – Aorist Passive Participle Nominative Plural Masculine (δικαιόω).

κληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου. – Aorist Passive Subjunctive 1^st Plural (γίνομαι). κληρονόμοι is the nomanitve (subject) for γενηθῶμεν. English prefers ‘becoming heirs.’ It might be appropriate to see the verb subject ‘we’ and κληρονόμοι as appositional in relationship.

Titus 3:8-11

₈Πιστὸς ὁ λόγος· καὶ περὶ τούτων βούλομαί σε διαβεβαιοῦσθαι, ἵνα φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων προΐστασθαι οἱ πεπιστευκότες θεῷ· ταῦτά ἐστιν καλὰ καὶ ὠφέλιμα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις. ₉μωρὰς δὲ ζητήσεις καὶ γενεαλογίας καὶ ἔρεις καὶ μάχας νομικὰς περιΐστασο· εἰσὶν γὰρ ἀνωφελεῖς καὶ μάταιοι. ₁₀αἱρετικὸν ἄνθρωπον μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν παραιτοῦ, ₁₁εἰδὼς ὅτι ἐξέστραπται ὁ τοιοῦτος καὶ ἁμαρτάνει ὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος.

Translation

8 The word is faithful, and I desire you to insist on these things, so that those who have believed might be careful to show concern for good works in God; these things are good and profitable for mankind. 9 but avoid foolish debates, and genealogies, and strife, and fights of the law, for these things are unprofitable and worthless. 10 After warning once and twice reject a divisive man. 11 knowing that such a one has turned aside and is sinful, being self-condemned.

Main Idea (one-sentence)

Godly leaders are to insist on good, resist foolishness, and eject troublemakers.

Notes

₈Πιστὸς ὁ λόγος· – Verbless clause. A common phrase that appears five times in the pastoral epistles. Colwell’s rule. 

καὶ περὶ τούτων βούλομαί σε διαβεβαιοῦσθαι, – Present Middle Indicative 1^st Singular (βούλομαι). Present Middle Infinitive (διαβεβαιόομαι).

ἵνα φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων προΐστασθαι οἱ πεπιστευκότες θεῷ· – Present Active Subjunctive 3^rd Plural (φροντίζω). Present Middle Infinitive (προΐστημι). Perfect Active Participle Nominative Plural Masculine (πιστεύω).

ταῦτά ἐστιν καλὰ καὶ ὠφέλιμα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις. – Present Acitve Indictive 3^rd Singular (εἰμί).

₉μωρὰς δὲ ζητήσεις καὶ γενεαλογίας καὶ ἔρεις καὶ μάχας νομικὰς περιΐστασο· – Present Middle Imperative 2^nd Singular (περιΐστημι). The opposing use of περιΐστημι between v.8 and v.9 should not be overlooked, even if difficult to bring out in English.

εἰσὶν γὰρ ἀνωφελεῖς καὶ μάταιοι. – Present Active Indicative 3^rd Plural (εἰμί). Contrast between ὠφέλιμος in v.8 and ἀνωφελής in v.9.

₁₀αἱρετικὸν ἄνθρωπον μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν παραιτοῦ, – Present Middle Imperative 2^nd Singular (παραιτέομαι). “The Koine often substitutes the cardinal for the ordinal.”[9]

₁₁εἰδὼς ὅτι ἐξέστραπται ὁ τοιοῦτος καὶ ἁμαρτάνει ὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος. Perfect Active Participle Nominative Singular Masculine (οἶδα). Perfect Passive Indicative 3^rd Singular (ἐκστρέφω). Present Active Indicative 3^rd Singular (ἁμαρτάνω). Present Active Participle Nominative Singular Masculine (εἰμί). “Only known example of this double compound verbal adjective” (see footnote 210).[10]

Titus 3:12-14

₁₂Ὅταν πέμψω Ἀρτεμᾶν πρὸς σὲ ἢ Τύχικον, σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν πρός με εἰς Νικόπολιν, ἐκεῖ γὰρ κέκρικα παραχειμάσαι. ₁₃Ζηνᾶν τὸν νομικὸν καὶ Ἀπολλῶν σπουδαίως πρόπεμψον, ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ. ₁₄μανθανέτωσαν δὲ καὶ οἱ ἡμέτεροι καλῶν ἔργων προΐστασθαι εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας, ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι.

Translation

When I send Artemas to you, or Tychicus, do your best (!) to come to me in Nicopolis, for I have decided to spend the winter there.  Doing your best send-along (!) Zenas the lawyer and Apollos, so that they might lack nothing. And also, let our people learn (!) to be devoted to good works, with-respect-to the pressing needs, so that they might not be fruitless.

Main Idea (one-sentence)

Paul is giving instructions and making plans to endure upcoming difficulties.

Notes

₁₂Ὅταν πέμψω Ἀρτεμᾶν πρὸς σὲ ἢ Τύχικον, – Aorist-Active-Subjective-1^st-Singular. The plan to send is in the subjunctive leaving open the possibility for a change of plans. Paul is not being undecisive, but cautious in his planning (1 Cor. 16:7; 2 Cor. 1:16-17). Perhaps a better translation would be “whether I send…”  Dative of destination.[11]

σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν πρός με εἰς Νικόπολιν, – Aorist.Active.Imperative-2^nd-Singular- σπουδάζω. Aorist-Active-Infinitive- ἔρχομαι. Dative of destination.[12] Accusative of Measure.

ἐκεῖ γὰρ κέκρικα παραχειμάσαι. – Perfect-Active-Indicative-1^st-Singualr- κρίνω. Aorist-Active-Infinitive-παραχειμάζω. Infinitive Adverbial Purpose. “Usually the infinitive of direct discourse retains the tense of the direct discourse,” but not here.[13]

₁₃Ζηνᾶν τὸν νομικὸν καὶ Ἀπολλῶν σπουδαίως πρόπεμψον, – Aorist-Active-Imperative-2^nd-Singular- προπέμπω. Fronting of Zenas and Appolos for emphasis. The verb σπουδάζω used in v.12 with the adverb σπουδαίως used here draw together the needed diligence for both commands.

ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ. – Present-Active-Subjunctive-3^rd-Singular- λείπω. The subjunctive leaving open what particular needs that need to be met. An emphatic use of “they.”

₁₄μανθανέτωσαν δὲ καὶ οἱ ἡμέτεροι καλῶν ἔργων προΐστασθαι – Present-Actinve-Imperative-3^rd-Plural- μανθάνω. Present-Middle-Infinitive- προΐστημι. A command to help fulfill the execution of the previous command, the saints are to show good work to all, but in this case, especially Zenas and Apollos. δὲ καὶ should be seen as intensifying the connection to the previous clause. This learning to show good works is not simply an academic learning, but more specifically an experiential learning; a learning by doing. “the normal use of the present tense in didactic literature, especially when introducing and exhortation, is not descriptive , but a general precept that has gnomic implications.”[14]

εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας, – εἰςàfor, of advantage. Accusative of Respect.[15]

ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι. – Present-Active-Subjunctive-3^rd-Plural- εἰμί. A lack of good works is to be fruitless or unfruitful. Both unhelpful for the believer and the person in need.

Titus 3:15

₁₅Ἀσπάζονταί σε οἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες. ἄσπασαι τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει.

Ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν.

Translation

All those with me greet you. Greet those loving us in the faith. Grace be with all of you.

Main Idea (one-sentence)

A valediction to recipients of the letter.

Notes

15Ἀσπάζονταί σε οἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες. – Present Middle Indicative 3^rd Plural (ἀσπάζομαι).

ἄσπασαι τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει. – Aorist Middle Imperative 2^nd Singular (ἀσπάζομαι). Present Active Participle Accusative Plural Masculine (φιλέω).

Ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν. – verbless clause. “You” is plural, indicating that this letter was meant to be read by other beyond Titus.

Word Studies I.

Greek Word Study Worksheet[16]        NAME: John Carter

Greek 3, IRBS, Summer 2024

Purpose: To determine the precise meaning of a Greek word or phrase in a particular passage. (Note: all further references to “word” imply “word or phrase.”)

Phrase:

ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως

Target Verse:

Titus 1:13

Glosses: What glosses (English word substitutes) are used to render this word in:

• English translations:
  “rebuke them sharply” (NIV, ESV, KJV, CSB, NET)
  “reprimand them severely” (NASB)
  “refute them sharply” (ISV)
• Greek lexicons (BDAG; LSJ; L&N):
  ἐλέγχω
  “1. to scrutinize or examine carefully,” “2 to bring to the point of recognizing wrongdoing,” “3. To express strong disapproval of someone’s actions,” “4. To penalize for wrong doing” BDAG; “1. To convict, refute, confute,” “2. To find fault with, correct; a. by word; to reprehend severely, chide, admonish, reprove, to call one to account, show one his fault; b. by deed; to chasten, punish” Thayer’s
  ἀποτόμως
  “severely, rigorously” BDAG; “a. abruptly, precipitously; b. sharply, severely” Thayer’s
• Other translations (e.g., Vulgate; commentaries):
  ἐλέγχω
  
  ἀποτόμως

Semantic Field: Identify the word’s semantic field (cf. especially Louw & Nida):

ἐλέγχω

ἀποτόμως

Semantic Range: Identify the word’s semantic range (variety of possible meanings):

ἐλέγχω

ἀποτόμως

Synonyms or Antonyms: Identify synonyms the author could have used in place of this word and antonyms which help clarify the word’s meaning(s).

ἐλέγχω

ἀποτόμως

Uses of the Word Elsewhere: Use lexicons and concordances; note particularly the contexts (e.g., legal, nautical, or business setting) and dates of the word’s uses.

• This NT author:
  ἐλέγχω
  Titus 2:15; 1:9, 13; 1 Cor 14:24; 2 Tim 4:2; 1 Tim 5:20
  ἀποτόμως
  1 Corinthains 13:10
• Other NT author:
  ἐλέγχω
  John 3:20; Eph 5:11,13; Jude 22,23; John 8:46; 16:8; Jude 15; Acts 6:10; John 8:9; James 2:9; Luke 3:19; Matthew 18:15; Hebrews 12:5; Revelation 3:19
  
  ἀποτόμως
  
  
• LXX:
  ἐλέγχω
  Wisdom of Solomon 1:8; 12:2; Job 5:17; Proverbs 3:11; Sirach 18:13; Sirach 20:2; 31:31; Proverbs 9:7
  ἀποτόμως
  –
• Extra-biblical authors (note especially their dates!):
  ἐλέγχω
  The Amherst Papyri; The Oxyrhynchus Papri;
  ἀποτόμως
  Polybius; Isocrates

Meaning of the Word in the Target Passage: Give a sentence length description of the word’s meaning and connotation(s).

To verbally correct one with clarity for the purpose of conformity.  

Word Studies II.

Greek Word Study Worksheet[17]        NAME: John Carter

Greek 3, IRBS, Summer 2024

Purpose: To determine the precise meaning of a Greek word or phrase in a particular passage. (Note: all further references to “word” imply “word or phrase.”)

Phrase:

διὰ λουτροῦ παλιγγενεσίας

Target Verse:

Titus 3:5

Glosses: What glosses (English word substitutes) are used to render this word in:

• English translations:
  “by the washing of regeneration” (ESV, KJV, CSB, NASB)
  “he saved us through a second birth” (ISV)
  “through the washing of the new birth” (NET)
  “He saved us through the washing of rebirth” (NIV)
• Greek lexicons (BDAG; LSJ; L&N):
  λουτρόν
  “bath, washing” BDAG; “bathing, bath (of act, place, baptism)” Thayer’s
  παλιγγενεσία
  “1. State of being renewed with focus on cosmic experience; 2. Experience of a complete change of life” BDAG; “new birth, reproduction, renewal, re-creation; the production of a new life consecrated to God, a radical change of mind for the better; the restoration of a thing to its pristine state, its renovation; the renovation of the earth after the deluge; that signal and glorious change of all things for the better, that restoration of the primal and perfect condition of things which existed before the fall of our first parents” Thayer’s; “’new genesis’ either in the sense of a. ‘return to existence,’ ‘coming back from death,’ or of b. ‘renewal to a higher existence,’ ‘regeneration’ in the usual sense” TDNT
• Other translations (e.g., Vulgate; commentaries):
  
  

Semantic Field: Identify the word’s semantic field (cf. especially Louw & Nida):
          λουτρόν

παλιγγενεσία

Semantic Range: Identify the word’s semantic range (variety of possible meanings):

λουτρόν

παλιγγενεσία

Synonyms or Antonyms: Identify synonyms the author could have used in place of this word and antonyms which help clarify the word’s meaning(s).

Λουτρόν: βαπτίζω, καθαρίζω

παλιγγενεσία:

Uses of the Word Elsewhere: Use lexicons and concordances; note particularly the contexts (e.g., legal, nautical, or business setting) and dates of the word’s uses.

• This NT author:
  λουτρόν: Titus 3:5; Ephesians 5:26
  
  παλιγγενεσία: Titus 3:5
  
  
• Other NT author:
  λουτρόν
  –
  παλιγγενεσία
  Matthew 19:28
   
• LXX:
  λουτρόν: Song of Songs 4:2; 6:6; Sirach 34:25
  παλιγγενεσία
  –
  
  
• Extra-biblical authors (note especially their dates!):
  λουτρόν
  
  παλιγγενεσία

Meaning of the Word in the Target Passage: Give a sentence length description of the word’s meaning and connotation(s).

A ceremonial washing in water indicating the new life of the one washed.

Word Studies III.

Greek Word Study Worksheet[18]        NAME: John Carter

Greek 3, IRBS, Summer 2024

Purpose: To determine the precise meaning of a Greek word or phrase in a particular passage. (Note: all further references to “word” imply “word or phrase.”)

Phrase:

               κοσμῶσιν

Target Verse:

            Titus 2:10

Glosses: What: glosses (English word substitutes) are used to render this word in:

• English translations:
  “so that … they will make … attractive” (NIV)
  “so that … they may make … more attractive” (ISV)
  “so that … they may adorn” (ESV)
  “that they may adorn” (KJV, CSB)
  “so that they will adorn” (NASB)
  “in order to bring credit” (NET)
• Greek lexicons (BDAG; LSJ; L&N):
  “To put in order so as to appear neat or well organized, make neat/tidy; to cause something to have an attractive appearance through decoration, adorn, decorate” BDAG; “to put in order, arrange, make ready, prepare; to ornament, adorn, metaphor: to embellish with honor, gain honor” Thayer’s;
• Other translations (e.g., Vulgate; commentaries):
  
  

Semantic Field: Identify the word’s semantic field (cf. especially Louw & Nida):

Semantic Range: Identify the word’s semantic range (variety of possible meanings):
          “In the sense ‘to order’ κοσμέω is a technical military term for the placing of a host of the ordering of combatants” TDNT

Synonyms or Antonyms: Identify synonyms the author could have used in place of this word and antonyms which help clarify the word’s meaning(s).

Uses of the Word Elsewhere: Use lexicons and concordances; note particularly the contexts (e.g., legal, nautical, or business setting) and dates of the word’s uses.

• This NT author:
  1 Timothy 2:19; Titus 2:10
• Other NT author:
  Revelation 21:2, 19; Luke 11:25; 21:5; Matthew 12:44; 23:29; 1 Peter 3:5 
• LXX:
  Siriach 29:26; 50:14; Jeremiah 4:30; Ezekiel 16:11; 23:40; Judith 12:15; 2 Maccabees 9:16; 3 Maccabees 3:5; 6:1
• Extra-biblical authors (note especially their dates!):
  
  

Meaning of the Word in the Target Passage: Give a sentence length description of the word’s meaning and connotation(s).

         To adorn someone or something in such a way as to show the innate beauty or the glory and honor it deserves.  

Variant Studies – Addition

Analysis of Textual Variants[19]

Passage:_______________________________ Titus 1:10 ___________________

Variant Readings
Reading 1 Εἰσὶν γὰρ πολλοὶ [καὶ] ἀνυπότακτοι	Reading 2 Εἰσὶν γὰρ πολλοὶ ἀνυπότακτοι	Reading 3
Meaning For there are many-empty talkers…	Meaning For there are many who are empty talkers…	Meaning
What kind of variant is this?: addition, omission, substitution, transposition, other Addition
External Evidence	External Evidence Favor the Older text	External Evidence
Internal Evidence Favor the more difficult reading	Internal Evidence Favor the shorter reading	Internal Evidence
Which one is favored and why? The absence on the καὶ appears to be favored.  “It is difficult to decide whether καὶ was added in accordance with the rhetorical usage known as hendiadys, or whether it was omitted by copyists who, not appreciating such usage, deleted it both as unnecessary and as apparently disturbing to the sense.”[20]
Conclusions Despite the uncertainty of the NA28 editors, the conjunction καὶ should probably be ignored. No matter, the net result changes little in the translation. The distinction comes down to the emphasis being on “many empty talkers” or on “many who are empty talkers”. On the whole, the interpretation of the text is unaffected by the presence or absence of the conjunction.

Variant Studies – Omission

Analysis of Textual Variants[21]

Passage:_________________ Titus 1:13 _________________________________

Variant Readings
Reading 1 ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει	Reading 2 ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν τῇ πίστει	Reading 3
Meaning so that they may be sound in the faith	Meaning so that they may be sound in the faith	Meaning
What kind of variant is this?: addition, omission, substitution, transposition, other omission
External Evidence Favors the older manuscripts Supported by the majority of the manuscripts and manuscript families	External Evidence	External Evidence
Internal Evidence The presence of  ἐν fits the literary context.The use of ἐν in the dative corresponds with Paul’s common usage; no less than 12 times total, 9 of which are found in the pastoral epistles.	Internal Evidence Favor the shorter reading	Internal Evidence
Which one is favored and why? The evidence is overwhelming for retaining ἐν as original, especially when the Codex Sinaiticus omits and then identifies (*)  ἐν  in the original reading in.
Conclusions An example of an insignificant scribal error that was immediately noted in the scribal notes and remedied in future copies.

Variant Studies – Substitution

Analysis of Textual Variants[22]

Passage:_________________ Titus 1:5 _________________________________

Variant Readings
Reading 1 Τούτου χάριν ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃἀπέλιπόν / ἀπολείπω	Reading 2 Τούτου χάριν ἀπέλειπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃἀπέλειπόν / ἀπολείπω	Reading 3 Τούτου χάριν κατέλιπον σε ἐν ΚρήτῃΚατέλιπον / -λειπόν / καταλείπω
Meaning For this reason I left you (behind) in Crete	Meaning For this reason I left you (behind) in Crete	Meaning For this reason left you (behind)in Crete
What kind of variant is this?: addition, omission, substitution, transposition, other Substitution (and transposition)
External Evidence This text has some of the oldest readings.	External Evidence	External Evidence This reading has most of the oldest readings.More texts, including the majority text favor this reading.
Internal Evidence ἀπολείπω has a more narrow semantic range.ἀπολείπω is used 7 times in the New Testament, 3 of which are found in the Paul’s letters. Based on usage ἀπολείπω is the more difficult reading.	Internal Evidence This reading appears to be a spelling error, ι vs ει.	Internal Evidence Καταλείπω has a broader semantic range.Καταλείπω is not used elsewhere in the New Testament. Καταλείπω is used 24 times in the New Testament, 2 of which are used in Paul’s letters.
Which one is favored and why? Κατέλιπον should be favored because of the older and more widespread representation. The seems appropriate with the command in connection with the emphatic use of the prepositional prefix κατα-.
Conclusions Here is a clear example of substitution, as well as a spelling error.

 

Variant Studies – Transposition

Analysis of Textual Variants[23]

Passage:___________________ Titus 2:7  _______________________________

Variant Readings
Reading 1 – text περὶ πάντα, σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος	Reading 2 περὶ πάντας, εαυτὸν παρεχόμενος	Reading 3 πάντα, εαυτὸν	Reading 4 πάντας, σεαυτὸν	Reading 5 πάντων, σεαυτὸν
Meaning In all respects, showing yourself…Accusative Plural Neuter  2nd Accusative Singular Masculine	Meaning In all respects showing himself ???…Accusative Plural Masculine3rd Accusative Singular Masculine	Meaning In all respects showing himself ???…Accusative Plural Neuter  3rd Accusative Singular Masculine	Meaning In all respects showing yourself…Accusative Plural Masculine2nd Accusative Singular Masculine	Meaning Concerning all men showing yourself…Genitive Plural Masculine 2nd Accusative Singular Masculine
What kind of variant is this?: addition, omission, substitution, transposition, other transposition
External Evidence Favors older manuscriptsFavors majority of manuscriptsFavors best attested	External Evidence	External Evidence	External Evidence	External Evidence
Internal Evidence Favors best fit with literary context	Internal Evidence	Internal Evidence	Internal Evidence	Internal Evidence
Which one is favored and why? The reading in the main text of the NA28 proves to be the best.
Conclusions The variants can best be explained as copyist errors. The sentence structure and context requires a Accusative Plural Neuter (πάντα) with a 2nd Accusative Singular Masculine (σεαυτὸν).

Bibliography

Blass, Friedrich Wilhelm, Albert Debrunner, and Robert W. Funk. A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1986.

Chamberlain, Gary Alan. The Greek of the Septuagint: A Supplemental Lexicon. Peabody, Mass: Hendrickson Publishers, 2011.

Danker, Frederick W., Walter Bauer, and William Arndt. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

Gaebelein, Frank E., ed. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary: With the New Internat. Version of the Holy Bible; in 12 Vol. 11: Ephesians – Philemon. 19. print. Grand Rapids, Mich: Regency Reference Libr, 19.

Hendriksen, William. Exposition of I and II Thessalonians. Exposition of the Pastoral Epistles. 2. print. New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Book House, 1981.

Kittel, Gerhard, Geoffrey William Bromiley, and Gerhard Friedrich. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Grand Rapids (Mich.): Eerdmans, 1995.

Köstenberger, Andreas J., Benjamin L. Merkle, and Robert L. Plummer. Going Deeper with New Testament Greek: An Intermediate Study of the Grammar and Syntax of the New Testament. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Academic, 2016.

Metzger, Bruce M. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies’ Greek New Testament (3d Ed.). London, New York: United Bible Societies, 1971.

Mounce, William D. The Morphology of Biblical Greek: A Companion to Basics of Biblical Greek and The Analytical Lexicon to the Greek New Testament. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan, 1994.

Robertson, Archibald Thomas. Word Pictures in the New Testament. 4: The Epistles of Paul. [Repr. d. Ausg.] 1931. Nashville, Tenn: Broadman Pr, 1991.

Smyth, Herbert Weir, and Gordon M. Messing. Greek Grammar. Mansfield Centre, Conn: Martino Publ, 2013.

Thayer, Joseph Henry, and Christian Gottlob Wilke. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Being Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Pub., 1999.

Wallace, Daniel B. Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament. 9. Repr. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan, 2001.

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[1] Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, (Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan, 1995), 116.        

[2] Archibald Thomas Robertson, Word Pictures in the New Testament. 4: The Epistles of Paul, 1931. (Nashville, Tenn: Broadman), 597.

[3] Wallace, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 157.

[4] Wallace, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 51.

[5] D. Edmond Heibert, Edited by Frank E. Gaebelein, The Expositor’s Bible Commentary: With the New International Version of the Holy Bible; in 12 Vol. 11: Ephesians – Philemon, (Grand Rapids, Mich: Regency Reference Libr, 19), 429.

[6] Robertson, Word Pictures in the New Testament. 4: The Epistles of Paul, 600.

[7] Wallace, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 437.

[8] Robertson, Word Pictures in the New Testament. 4: The Epistles of Paul, 606.

[9] William Hendriksen, Exposition of I and II Thessalonians. Exposition of the Pastoral Epistles, 2. print., New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Book House, 1981) 395.

[10] Robertson, Word Pictures in the New Testament. 4: The Epistles of Paul, 608.

[11] Wallace, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 147.

[12] Wallace, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 147

[13] Wallace, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 604.

[14] Wallace, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 525.

[15] Wallace, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 176.

[16] Adapted from S. M. Baugh’s NT 403 Greek IV class, Westminster Seminary California, circa 2005.

[17] Adapted from S. M. Baugh’s NT 403 Greek IV class, Westminster Seminary California, circa 2005.

[18] Adapted from S. M. Baugh’s NT 403 Greek IV class, Westminster Seminary California, circa 2005.

[19] Taken and adapted from Paul D. Wegner, The Journey from Texts to Translations: The Origin and Development of the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1999), 232.

[20] Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies’ Greek New Testament (4th Ed.) (London, New York: United Bible Societies, 1971) 584..

[21] Taken and adapted from Paul D. Wegner, The Journey from Texts to Translations: The Origin and Development of the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1999), 232.

[22] Taken and adapted from Paul D. Wegner, The Journey from Texts to Translations: The Origin and Development of the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1999), 232.

[23] Taken and adapted from Paul D. Wegner, The Journey from Texts to Translations: The Origin and Development of the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1999), 232.